The thought came and went in a flash: there was not a chance in a billion years that an extraterrestrial object as large as Halley's comet would hit the Earth.

But that was 15 years ago  Harrison Smith Hoodie , when I had little appreciation of geological time. I did not consider then the adage that anything that can happen does happen — given the time. Smaller collisions have happened frequently, as evidenced by many ancient impact craters. Even during the brief period of human history, there was a very real event at Tunguska.

Tunguska was a quiet hamlet in central Siberia. At 7;00 a.m. on June 30, 1908, a fireball appeared above the horizon to the southeast. The bright light streaked across the cloudless sky and exploded somewhere to the northwest. The scale of the explosion was unprecedented in recorded history. When scientists consulted their instruments and calculated the energy that had been released  Kirk Cousins Hoodie , they were stunned.

The brilliant object had been seen for hundreds of kilometers around, and the explosion was heard as far away as 1 000 kilometers.

The shock wave of wind circled the globe twice, and the ejected from the explosion glowed over Northern Europe through the next two nights. Vast amounts of fire debris arrived at California-two weeks later.


Fortunately, the object had exploded at a height of 8.5 kilometers above the ground, and the fall region was not densely populated. Hunters who were first to enter the disaster area reported that the whole forest had been flattened and gave accounts of wild forest fires.

Systematic investigations did not begin until two decades later. The first team of experts visited the target area in 1927. They endured hardship to penetrate the devastated forest with horse-drawn wagons to investigate the aftereffect of the blast.

Their mapping showed that trees within a radius of 30 to 40 kilometers had been uprooted and blown. Within the blast zone  Adam Thielen Hoodie , an area of 2 000 square kilometers had been ravaged by fire.
Study of the Tunguska site resumed after the Second World War and is still continuing.

Although no meteorites have ever been found, soil samples from Tunguska contain small spherical objects, black glassy objects commonly believed to result from the impact of a meteorite. Scientists found that the chemical composition of the Tunguska objects resembles cosmic dust. Apparently they were not ejected thrown out of an impact crater, but were derived directly from the explosion above the Earth, and fell down as extraterrestrial fallout.


What was it that exploded on that sunny morning over Siberia? Astronomers have conjured everything from black holes to balls of antimatter  Stefon Diggs Hoodie , but dramatic as the Tunguska event was, it does not seem to require an exotic explanation. The more likely interpretation is conventional: the object was a large meteor.

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